What are inherent powers?

Inherent powers are those that are recognized as essential for a sovereign nation to operate effectively and independently. They are not explicitly outlined in the Constitution but are understood to exist because the national government is a sovereign entity. This means that, by virtue of its sovereignty, the national government has certain fundamental powers, such as the ability to acquire territory, conduct foreign affairs, and protect its borders.

These powers are distinct from those explicitly enumerated in the Constitution or derived from state authority or subordinate governments. They are essential for the functioning and integrity of the nation's government, which reinforces the idea that sovereignty comes with inherent capabilities necessary for governance and international relations. Thus, option B accurately defines inherent powers.